Cornelian cherry, Cornel

Where does Cornelian cherry grow?

Found in: Albania, Armenia, Asia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balkans, Belgium, Bosnia, Britain, Bulgaria, Canada, Caucasus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Dagestan, Europe, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Mediterranean, Moldova, North America, Norway, Romania, Russian Ciscaucasia, Scandinavia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Tasmania, Turkey, Ukraine, United States, Yugoslavia

Notes: There are about 45 Cornus species.

Status: The fruit are sold in some markets. They are harvested in large amounts in Georgia.

Growing Cornelian cherry, Cornel

Cultivation: Plants can be grown from washed seeds. Seeds can take 18 months to germinate. Seeds stored for 3-4 months at about 4°C then soaked for a few hours in warm water germinate more easily. Plants can be grown from cuttings. Cuttings need to be grown for 2-3 years before planting out. Suckers can be used.

Edible Uses: The fruit are made into jellies and preserves. They are used in tarts. They can also be eaten raw. The fruit are also used for wine. The juice is added to perry and cider. The flowers are used to flavour spirits. The seeds are ground and used as a coffee substitute. The under-ripe fruit are pickled.

Production: Trees can take 12 years to start producing fruit.

Nutrition Info

References

Abbet, C., et al, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey on wild alpine food plants in Lower and Central Valais (Switzerland). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (2014) 624–634

Arora, R. K., 2014, Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective. Bioversity International. p 75 (As Macrocarpium mas)

Bianchini, F., Corbetta, F., and Pistoia, M., 1975, Fruits of the Earth. Cassell. p 164

Blamey, M and Grey-Wilson, C., 2005, Wild flowers of the Mediterranean. A & C Black London. p 153

Bodkin, F., 1991, Encyclopedia Botanica. Cornstalk publishing, p 282

Brickell, C. (Ed.), 1999, The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Convent Garden Books. p 299

Bussman, R. W., et al, 2016, A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:4

Bussman, R. W. et al, 2017, Ethnobotany of Samtskhe-Javakheti, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16(1) pp 7-24

Cerne, M., 1992, Wild Plants from Slovenia used as Vegetables. Acta Horticulturae 318

Cundall, P., (ed.), 2004, Gardening Australia: flora: the gardener's bible. ABC Books. p 416

Denes, A., et al, 2012, Wild plants used for food by Hungarian ethnic groups living in the Carpathian Basin. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81 (4): 381-396

Dogan, Y., et al, 2004, The Use of Wild Edible Plants in Western and Central Anatolia (Turkey). Economic Botany 58(4) pp. 684-690

Dogan, Y. et al, 2013, Wild Edible Plants sold in the Local Markets of Izmir, Turkey. Pak. J. Bot. 45(S1): 177-184

Dogan, Y., & Nedelcheva, A., 2015, Wild plants from open markets on both sides of the Bulgarian-Turkish border. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol. 14(3): 351-358

Dolina, K. & Luczaj, L., 2014, Wild food plants used on the Dubrovnik coast (south-eastern Croatia) Acta Soc Bot Pol 83(3):175–181

Ertug, F, Yenen Bitkiler. Resimli Türkiye Florası -I- Flora of Turkey - Ethnobotany supplement

Etherington, K., & Imwold, D., (Eds), 2001, Botanica's Trees & Shrubs. The illustrated A-Z of over 8500 trees and shrubs. Random House, Australia. p 228

Facciola, S., 1998, Cornucopia 2: a Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, p 81

Farrar, J.L., 1995, Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Iowa State University press/Ames p 186

Flowerdew, B., 2000, Complete Fruit Book. Kyle Cathie Ltd., London. p 176

Food Composition Tables for the Near East. http://www/fao.org/docrep No. 461 (As Macrocarpium mas)

Gunes, S. et al, 2018, Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Karaisali (Adana-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol. 17(2), April 2018, pp 290-298

Hancer, C. K., et al, 2020, Traditional Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants of Biga (Çanakkale), Turkey. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae / 2020 / Volume 89 / Issue 1 / Article 8914

Harris, E & J., 1983, Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain. Reader's Digest. p 63

Hedrick, U.P., 1919, (Ed.), Sturtevant's edible plants of the world. p 219

Janaćković, P. et al, 2019, Traditional knowledge on plant use from Negotin Krajina (Eastern Serbia): An ethnobotanical study. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol 18 (1), pp 25-33

Joyce, D., 1998, The Garden Plant Selector. Ryland, Peters and Small. p 109

Kayabasi, N. P., et al, 2018, Wild edible plants and their traditional use in the human nutrition in Manyas (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol. 17(2), April 2018, pp 299-306

Kiple, K.F. & Ornelas, K.C., (eds), 2000, The Cambridge World History of Food. CUP p 1762

Kremer, B.P., 1995, Shrubs in the Wild and in Gardens. Barrons. p 65

Kybal, J., 1980, Herbs and Spices, A Hamlyn Colour Guide, Hamlyn Sydney p 84

John, L., & Stevenson, V., 1979, The Complete Book of Fruit. Angus & Robertson p 118

Kizilarslan, C. & Ozhatay, N., 2012, An ethnobotanical study of the useful and edible plants of İzmit. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 16: 134-140, 2012.

Lord, E.E., & Willis, J.H., 1999, Shrubs and Trees for Australian gardens. Lothian. p 218

Luczaj, L., 2012, Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants of Slovakia. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4):245-255

Luczaj, L. et al, 2013, Wild food plants used in the villages of the Lake Vrana Nature Park (northern Dalmatia, Croatia). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 82(4): 275-281

Luczaj, L., et al, 2015, Wild food plants and fungi used by Ukrainians in the western part of the Maramureş region in Romania. Acta Soc Bot Pol 84(3):339–346

Lyle, S., 2006, Discovering fruit and nuts. Land Links. p 154

Maghradze, D. et al, 2012, Minor and Underutilized Fruits in Georgia and Their Wild Relatives. In Acta Horticulturae Number 948 p 41-47

Nedelcheva A., 2013, An ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Bulgaria. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 7, 77-94

Özdemir, E. and Kültür, S., 2017, Wild Edible Plants of Savaştepe District (Balıkesir, Turkey), Marmara Pharm J 21/3: 578-589

Pieroni, A., 1999, Gathered wild food plants in the Upper Valley of the Serchio River (Garfagnana), Central Italy. Economic Botany 53(3) pp 327-341

Pieroni, A., et al, 2005, Food for two seasons: Culinary uses of non-cultivated local vegetables and mushrooms in a south Italian village. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 56(4): 245􏰣-272

Pieroni, A., 2008, Local plant resources in the ethnobotany of Theth, a village in the Northern Albanian Alps. Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:1197–1214

Pieroni, A., et al, 2012, "We are Italians!": The Hybrid Ethnobotany of a Venetian Diaspora in Eastern Romania. Human Ecology 40:435-451

Pieroni, A., 2017, Traditional uses of wild food plants, medicinal plants, and domestic remedies in Albanian, Aromanian and Macedonian villages in South-Eastern Albania. Journal of Herbal Medicine Volume 9, September 2017, Pages 81-90

Plants for a Future database, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK. http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/

Postman, J. D., et al, 2012, Recent NPGS Coordinated Expeditions in the Trans-Caucasus Region to Collect Wild Relatives of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. In Acta Horticulturae Number 948 p 191-198

Redzic, S. J., 2006, Wild Edible Plants and their Traditional Use in the Human Nutrition in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45:189-232

Rivera, D. et al, 2006, Gathered Mediterranean Food Plants - Ethnobotanical Investigations and Historical Development, in Heinrich M, Müller WE, Galli C (eds): Local Mediterranean Food Plants and Nutraceuticals. Forum Nutr. Basel, Karger, 2006, vol 59, pp 18–74

Ryan, S., 2008, Dicksonia. Rare Plants Manual. Hyland House. p 17

Salvi, J. et al, 2016, A review: Underutilized wild edible plants as a potential source of alternative nutrition. International Journal of Botany Studies. Volume 1; Issue 4; May 2016; Page No. 32-36

Sansanelli, S., et al, 2014, Wild food plants traditionall consumed in the area of Bologna (Emilia Romagna region, Italy). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10:69

Seeram, N. P., et al, 2002, Characterization, Quantification and Bioactivities of Anthocynans in Cornus Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2519-2523

Self, M., 199, Phoenix Seeds catalogue. p 15

Sfikas, G., 1984, Trees and shrubs of Greece. Efstathiadis Group. Athens. p 130

Simkova, K. et al, 2014, Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants used in the Czech Republic. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 88, 49-67

Slocum, P.D. & Robinson, P., 1999, Water Gardening. Water Lilies and Lotuses. Timber Press. p 114

Sp. pl. 1:117. 1753

Svanberg, I. et al, 2012, Uses of tree saps in northern and eastern parts of Europe. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81 (4): 343-357

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/econ.pl (10 April 2000)

World Checklist of Useful Plant Species 2020. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Young, J., (Ed.), 2001, Botanica's Pocket Trees and Shrubs. Random House. p 272